Explain with example classification of IPv4 addresses.

-

Solution:-

Different IP address classes in IPv4:- Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E. 

Class A :

Class A IP address format is given below:

In this, the first bit is ‘0’. The next 7 bits are used indicate network id. Rest of the 3 bytes are used to indicate host id.

Thus the First Byte in Class A type of IP address will have a range from 0 to 126.

Example : 10.1.2.1

In this, the first byte ‘10’ has first bit 0, and hence it belongs to class A IP address.

Class B : 

Class B IP address format is given below:

In this, the first two bits are ‘1 0’. The next 14 bits are used indicate network id. Rest of the 2 bytes are used to indicate host id. 

Thus, the first byte of class B type of IP address has a range from 128 to 191.

Example : 187.4.5.1

In this address, the first byte ‘187’ has first two bits as 10.

Class C :

Class C IP address format is given below:

In this, the first three bits are ‘1 1 0’. The next 21 bits are used indicate network id. Rest of the One byte is used to indicate host id. 

Thus the first byte of the IP address in class C has range from 192 to 223.

Example : 192.168.1.2

In this the first three bits are 110, which represents the Class C type IP address.

Class D:

Class D IP address format is given below:

If first 4 bits are ‘1 1 1 0’ the IP address belongs to class D. The IPv4 networking standard defines Class D addresses as reserved for multicast. 

Multicast is a mechanism for defining groups of nodes and sending IP messages to that group rather than to every node on the LAN(broadcast) or just one other node (unicast). 

Multicast is mainly used on research networks.As with Class E, Class D addresses should not be used by ordinary nodes on the Internet.

The range for first byte of class D starts from 224 till 239.

Example: 225.25.2.1

Here, the first 4 bits are 1110.

Class E:

Class E IP address format is given below:

If first 5 bits are ‘1 1 1 1 0’ the IP address belongs to class E. For class E minimum value for reserved address is 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. These are used for research work in IP

Example: 245.5.6.2

Here, the first 5 bits are 11110.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

State the functions of Hub, Repeater, Bridge and Router.

-
  1)Hub : Hub connects all nodes in star topology. Hub is broadcasting device. It sends packets to all nodes in the network. It works at Physical Layer of OSI model. 2) Repeater : Repeaters are used to take the distorted, weak and corrupt input signal and regenerate this signal at its output. It ensures that the signals are not distorted or weak before it reaches the destination. It increases the signal strength. 3)Bridge : A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary. Bridges reduces the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments. It inspects incoming traffic and decides whether to forward or discard it. It sends packets between two networks of same type. 4)Router : Router chooses the best path for packet forwarding. Router read complex network address in packet. It works at Network Layer of OSI model Efficiently direct packets from one network to another, reducing excessive traffic. Join neighbouring or distant network Connect dissimilar networks. P...
Read more

Describe the OSI model with neat diagram.

-
Image
  Solution:- OSI model (open system interconnection) model was developed by ISO (international standard organization) Function of OSI model: i. It provides way to understand how internetwork operates.  ii. It gives guideline for creating network standard. OSI model has 7 layers as shown in the figure.  OSI model has following 7 layers as Physical layer, data link layer, Network layer, Transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, application layer.  1. Physical layer: 1. It co-ordinates the functions required to transmit bit stream over physical medium. 2. It deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of interface and transmission medium. Functions of physical layer are: Physical characteristics of interfaces and media.  Representation of bits: Data rate (transmission rate).  Synchronization of bits.  Line configuration: Point to point or multipoint configuration should be used.  2. Data link layer: 1. It is responsible for transmit...
Read more

Explain Database languages.

-
Data Definition Language The language is used to create database, tables, alter them, etc. With this, you can also rename the database, or drop them. It specifies the database schema. The DDL statements include − CREATE :  Create new database, table, etc. ALTER : Alter existing database, table, etc. DROP : Drop the database RENAME : Set a new name for the table. Data Manipulation Language The language used to manipulate the database like inserting data, updating table, retrieving record  from a table, etc. is known as Data Manipulation Language − SELECT : Retrieve data from the database INSERT : Insert data UPDATE :  Update data DELETE : Delete all records Data Control Language Grant privilege to a user using the GRANT statement. In the same way, revoke the privilege using the REVOKE statement. Both of these statements come under the Data Control Language (DCL). − GRANT : Give privilege to access the database. REVOKE:  Take back the privilege to access the database. ...
Read more