Encryption of data at what layer of OSI Model.

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What do you mean by testing strategies?

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 Solution:- A strategy for software testing may also be viewed in the context of the spiral.  Unit testing begins at the vortex of the spiral and concentrates on each unit (e.g., component,class, or Web App content object) of the software as implemented in source code. Testing progresses by moving outward along the spiral to integration testing, where the focus is on design and the construction of the software architecture.  Taking another turn outward on the spiral, which encounters validation testing, where requirements established as part of requirements modeling are validated against the software that has been constructed.  Finally, system testing, where the software and other system elements are tested as a whole. To test computer software, spiral out in a clockwise direction along streamlines that broaden the scope of testing with each turn. 1. Testing begins at the component level and works "outward" toward the integration of the entire computer-based system....
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Draw and explain unshielded twisted pair cable.

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Solution :-  Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone wiring.  Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company.  To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires. Connectors: i. The most common UTP connector is RJ45 (RJ stands for Registered Jack). ii. The RJ45 is a keyed connector (the connector can be inserted in only one way). Application: 1. Local Area Networks, such as 10Base-T and 100Base-T, use twisted pair cable. 2. The most common application of the twisted pair is also the telephone system.Labelled 
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What is topology? explain types of topology with diagram and advantages and disadvantages.

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  Solution:- Topology Geometric representation of how the computers are connected to each other is known as topology.  There are five types of topology – Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring and Hybrid . Bus Topology   •  Bus topology is a network setup in which each computer and network device are connected to a single cable or backbone by the help of interface connectors. This central  cable is the backbone of the network and is known as Bus.  •  Every workstation  communicates with the other device through this Bus. A signal from the source is  broadcasted and it travels to all workstations connected to bus cable.  •  Although the  message is broadcasted but only the intended recipient, whose MAC address or IP  address matches, accepts it. If the MAC /IP address of machine doesn’t match with the  intended address, machine discards the signal.  •  A terminator is added at ends of the  central cable, to prevent boun...
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